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Referencing

One of the more technical aspects of assignment writing at university relates to referencing. As there are numerous acceptable systems of referencing, you will need to consult the Unit Outline for each unit in order to ascertain the style preferred by your tutor or unit coordinator. Once the appropriate style has been determined, it is important that all conventions pertaining to that particular style are consistently adopted. The key considerations are, therefore, attention to detail and consistency.

There are a number of different referencing styles which can be adopted for academic writing. The two most common are:

  • Author-date systems such the APA (commonly referred to as the American Psychological Association method of citation) or Harvard style
  • Numeric systems such as the Vancouver, footnote or endnote systems, often referred to as the “documentary-note” style

This chapter examines the nature and benefits of referencing and provides information pertaining to the APA style and footnoting.

 

10.1 What is referencing?

Referencing or citing refers to the acknowledgement of various sources of information you have used in preparing your written assignments. It means acknowledging the authority of an author or proof or evidence in support of your argument.

The works to which you have referred should be acknowledged in two places – “in-text” and “end-text”. In-text referencing means that you place a citation directly after you have used the information. This could be at the beginning of a sentence, the end of a paragraph, the end of a sentence, or after a direct quotation.

On the other hand, the end-text referencing refers to a reference list or bibliography, which is a complete list of all the sources you have used in the preparation of your assignment and is always placed at the end of an assignment. End-text referencing should provide complete information concerning each source, including the names of the authors, year of publication, title of the text or journal, edition, page and volume numbers, the name of the publisher and place of publication.

 

10.2 When should you reference?

When you:

  • Quote the author’s exact words
  • Copy the author’s tables, figures and/or diagrams
  • Paraphrase an author’s ideas using your own words • Summarise the author’s ideas

 

10.3 Why should you reference your work?

There are numerous benefits of referencing. Referencing appropriately:

  • avoids plagiarism and the subsequent failing of the assessment and/or unit
  • lends credibility to your view in that citing other works substantiates your own line of argument • gives recognition to authors/sources whose arguments/empirical research you have used
  • allows the reader of your assignment to locate the articles, texts and electronic sources you have used in your writing
  • demonstrates to the reader the breadth of your research, that is, the range of sources you have used
  • demonstrates how up-to-date your research is
  • demonstrates the depth of the research i.e. how effectively you have utilised the extant literature in a particular field or discipline.

 

10.4 Referencing using the APA style

Although very popular, there appears to be no one universally accepted author-date system. The referencing style adopted by the Faculty of Business and Economics is the APA Style (5th edition), which is published by the American Psychological Association (APA). This chapter is an introductory guide to using the APA Style to reference information sources most relevant to students of business and economics. Both print and electronic sources are covered. It is important to note the faculty exception to the APA style rules on page 65.

The key guides to APA Style, and the references for writing this chapter, are:

  • American Psychological Association. (2001). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (5th ed). Washington, D.C.: Author.
  • American Psychological Association. (2007). APA style guide to electronic references. Washington, D.C.: Author.
  • American Psychological Association. (2005). Concise rules of APA style. Washington, D.C.: Author.

The following Monash University Library guide was also extensively consulted and has been a source of examples and commentary:

Refer to these publications if you require further information on the APA style, especially if you are undertaking a thesis or need to reference a work not specifically covered in this chapter. Copies are held at Monash University libraries – check the catalogue for details. Advice on referencing is also available from Learning Skills Advisers in the Library. You can also go to the APA Style website for information at: http://apastyle.apa.org/

The following sections of this chapter focus respectively on creating firstly, in-text citations and secondly, a reference list.

10.4.1 Creating in-text citations

The term “in-text” means that you cite an author or source within the text of your assignment, at a point where his or her point/argument appears. Every fact or idea which you have used to establish your own line of argument must be accurately and consistently cited.

Using the APA style, the in-text citation should:

  • show the last name/s of the author (or authors)
  • include the year of publication
  • cite the author names in the order in which they appear in the source
  • within the brackets use “&”, but in the text use “and” (e.g. see Three-five authors below)
  • indicate page number (if it is a direct quotation, statistics, a table or diagram)

The following examples illustrate generally how in-text citations can be used in assignments.

  • Deegan (2002) suggests there are numerous methods which may be adopted. OR
  • Few authors have approached the topic in this way (Deegan, 2002).

If you have cited the arguments/ideas of more than one author, the in-text citation would show:

  • Consideration of expatriate adjustment is becoming increasingly important (Mahoney &Trigg, 2001; Stone, 2002).

Please note that if you cite several authors as in the above example, (Mahoney & Trigg, 2001; Stone, 2002), these should also be in alphabetical order i.e. Mahoney before Stone. See Multiple references below.

One author

  • …the results were inconclusive (Hawkins, 2003).
  • Hawkins (2003) reported that the results were inconclusive.

Two authors

  • …(Bovey & Hede, 2001)
  • Bovey and Hede (2001) argue...

Three – five authors

First time cited

  • …(Clegg, Hardy & Nord, 1996)
  • Clegg, Hardy and Nord (1996) assert that...

Thereafter, type only the first author name, then “et al.” …(Clegg et al., 1996)

  • Clegg et al. (1996) assert that....

Six or more authors

  • Use only the family name of the first author, followed by “et al.” the first and subsequent times
  • In the reference list entry include only the first six authors. If there are more than six authors, after the sixth name type “et al.” and omit the subsequent names

Multiple works by the same author cited at the same time

Enter the years of publication in date order

  • …(Jones, 2000, 2001)
  • Jones (2000, 2001) applies the same principles to…

Multiple works by the same author in the same year

  • Differentiate the citations by adding an a,b,c…suffix to the year
  • Suffixes also appear in the reference list
  • Reference list entries for the same author are ordered alphabetically by title.

The first entry receives the suffix “a”, the next “b”, etc.

  • …(Brown, 1 998a, 1 998b)
  • Brown (1 998a)… later in the text… Brown (1 998b)

Unknown author

  • If no author is stated in the work, use the first few words of the title in place of the author
  • For an article or chapter use double quotation marks As reported in the business press (“Singapore Profit,” 2007)...
  • For a periodical book, report or brochure, use italics According to the brochure, Succeeding in Exams (1979)…
  • When the author is given as “Anonymous”, cite as (Anonymous, 1997)

An organisation as the author

(Reserve Bank of Australia, 2007)

If the organisation has a well recognised abbreviation, it can be cited as follows:

  • First time cited… (International Monetary Fund [IMF], 1997) Subsequently… (IMF, 1997)

Multiple references

  • List alphabetically, separated by semi-colons - There is considerable support for this view (Allen, 2001; Bryson & Lodge, 1999; Wong, 2003).

Direct quotation

In addition to author name and year the page number must be stated.

  • “The key to understanding microeconomics is to realise that its overwhelming focus is on the role of prices” (Gittins, 2006, p. 18).
  • Gittins (2006) suggests that “the key to understanding microeconomics is to realise that its overwhelming focus is on the role of prices” (p. 18).

In the case of an electronic source (e.g. a website) that has no page numbers, specify the paragraph e.g. (Perrin, 2006, para. 4).

Citing a secondary source (i.e. a source referred to in another work)

For example, you read a 2006 article by Friedman in which he refers to an article by Chang, published in 1997.

To cite Chang in your writing, the following formats apply:

  • …(Chang, 1997, as cited in Friedman, 2006).
  • Chang (1997, as cited in Friedman, 2006) suggests that this is inconsistent…
  • Friedman (2006) cited Chang (1997) as arguing for…

In the reference list only include an entry for the work that you actually read (i.e. Friedman’s article)

10.4.2 Creating a reference list

A reference list is a list of all the sources you have used in the body of your assignment. It is arranged alphabetically according to the authors’ last names and is placed at the end of the assignment. A number of conventions apply to the reference list:

  • Begin the list on a new page, with centred title, “Reference List” or “References”
  • Each entry should have a hanging indent of 1.25 cm or 5–7 spaces (i.e. the first line is fully left justified and the following lines are indented 5–7 spaces)
  • Separate entries with a space
  • List entries in alphabetical order by author name
  • Where a reference has no author, and the title is used instead (as with some newspaper articles), list according to the first sign ificant word in the title (i.e. ignore “The”, “A”, “An”)
  • Where there are two articles with the same author(s) and date, list them alphabetically by article title and assign a suffix (a, b, c…) to each date
  • If the same author is cited for works from different years, list the references from the earliest publication date in date order
  • Give organisation names in full
  • Ensure that all references cited in the text are listed (except for “unpublished” items, such as correspondence or interviews)
  • Ensure that all listed items have a corresponding in-text citation
  • In general, if the city of publication is a major city or capital city, the name of the city is sufficient, (e.g. New York, Boston, Sydney, London, Stockholm). Otherwise, the state or province is added (e.g. Camberwell, Vic.; Crows Nest, NSW; Englewood Cliffs, NJ; Harmondsworth, Middlesex)
  • For countries other than the United States the country name is also added if the city is not a major or capital city. In practice some deviation from the Publication Manual occurs, especially for Australian sources (e.g. Crows Nest, NSW, rather than Crows Nest, New South Wales, Australia)

A sample reference list demonstrating the application of these rules is provided at the end of the APA style section of this chapter. Be sure to include the exact punctuation and spacing shown in the examples.

Print sources

Books

General format:

Author surname, Author initial(s). (Year of publication). Title of book (edition number if not the 1st edition). Place of publication: Name of publisher.

  • In the title of the book, only the first letter of the title, subtitle and any proper nouns are capitalised
  • The title and subtitle are in italics
  • For a revised edition of a book, the abbreviation is (Rev. ed.)

Gittins, R. (2006). Gittins’ guide to economics. Crows Nest, NSW: Allen & Unwin. Luthans, F. (2002). Organisational behavior (9th ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill Irwin.

Mahoney, D. &Trigg, M. (2001). International business: A managerial perspective (2nd ed.). Sydney: Pearson Education.

If there are more than six authors, after the sixth author type “et al.” and omit the subsequent names

  • Mussen, P., Rosenzweig, M. R., Aronson, E., Elkind, D., Feshbach, S., Geiwitz, P. J., et al. (1973). Psychology: An introduction. Lexington, MA: Heath.

Edited book

Follows the book format, with the editor’s name followed by (Ed.), or (Eds.) if more than one editor

  • Clegg, S. R., Hardy, C., & Nord, W. R. (Eds.). (1996). Handbookof organisation studies. London: Sage Publications.

Chapter in an edited book

  • Type “In” before the editor’s name(s)
  • The format of the editor’s name(s) is: Initial(s). Family name (i.e. the reverse of the author names)
  • The page numbers of the chapter are included, i.e. (pp. 192–199)
  • In the following example, the state, “Vic.” is included in the location details as Camberwell is not a major city:

Macauley, P. & Green, R. (2007). Supervising publishing from the doctorate.

In C. Denholm & T. Evans (Eds.), Supervising doctorates downunder: Keys to effective supervision in Australia and New Zealand (pp. 192–199). Camberwell, Vic.: ACER Press.

Journal article General format:

Author family name, Author initial(s). (Year of publication). Title of the article. Title of the Journal, volume number (issue number), page numbers of the article.

  • Only the first letter of the article title, subtitle and any proper nouns are capitalised
  • The first letter of each significant word in the journal title is capitalised
  • The journal title and volume number are in italics
  • If there are more than six authors, after the sixth author type “et al.” and omit the subsequent names (see the example in the Books section)

Milner, L. M. & Fodness, D. (1996). Product gender perceptions: The case of China. International Marketing Review, 13(4), 40-51.

Magazine

  • If there is a volume number, it follows the magazine title, in italics. In the example below, 159 is the volume number, and the page number is 46.

MacLeod, S. (2002, April 8). An olive branch or stick? Time, 159, 46.

Guilliat, S. (2005, March 26). Leap of faith. Good Weekend: TheAge Magazine, 24-31.

Newspaper article – print and microfiche

  • Precede the page number with “p.” or if more than one page, “pp.” (For an article starting on page 1, then continuing and ending on page 3, the format would be pp. 1, 3.)

Hopkins, P. (2004, January 7). Parmalat cooked the books worldwide: Police. The Age, p. 2.

Newspaper article – no author

  • The article title takes the place of an author

Singapore profit soars despite cost hit. (2007, November 2). The Australian, p. 37.

  • For the in-text citation, use the first few words of the title, capitalised and in double quotation marks (“Singapore Profit,” 2007)

Reports from organisations

  • Includes, but not limited to, company annual reports and reports from government bodies
  • Where the author is the publisher, type “Author” after the location

Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation. (2001). Annual report 2001. Tokyo: Author.

  • If a report has an identifying number, include it in brackets, as follows:

Productivity Commission. (2002). Review of automotive assistance (Inquiry Report No. 25). Canberra: Author.

Department of Industry Science and Technology. (2004). Australian business innovation: A strategic analysis. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service.

House of Representatives Standing Committee on Legal and Constitutional Affairs.

(1992). Half way to equal: Report of the inquiry into equal opportunity and equal status for women in Australia. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service.

Working paper/research report

  • Include the working paper/report number, in brackets
  • In the location details, omit the state or country name if part of the university name e.g. San Diego: University of California
  • Include the university name and the name of the publishing entity (e.g. faculty, department, school, research centre) in that order

Allen, D. E. (1993). Competitive advantage and approaches to investment appraisal: Procedures in Australia, Britain and Japan (Working Paper 93.23).

Perth, Western Australia: Curtin University of Technology, School of Economics and Finance.

Thesis – unpublished

  • City, state and country details are required for non-U.S. unpublished theses

Waddell, D. (1995). Using resistance positively to implement new manufacturing methods in industry. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.

Conference proceedings

  • Use the same basic format as a chapter in an edited book
  • The title of the conference proceedings is in italics

Farr, R. (1989). The social and collective nature of representations. In J.P. Forgas and J.M. Innes (Eds.), Recent advances in social psychology: An international perspective. Proceedings of the xxiv International Congress of Psychology of the International Union of Psychological Science. U. Psy.S., Sydney, Australia, August28– September 2, 1988 (Vol. 1, pp. 157–166). Amsterdam: Elsevier.

Encyclopedia or dictionary

  • Reference works, such as dictionaries and encyclopedias are not normally cited unless you are using them to make precise definitions of terminology

Warner, M. (Ed.). (2002). International encyclopedia of business and management (2nd ed., Vols. 1–8). London: Thomson Learning.

Interviews and other personal communications

  • Personal communications are not included in the reference list as they are inaccessible to the reader, but are cited in the text in the following ways:

R. Smith (personal communication, August 15, 2007)… …(R. Smith, personal communication, August 15, 2007)

Electronic sources

In general, the basic formats that apply to referencing the various types of print sources also apply to their electronic equivalents, except that the publisher details are often omitted, and either a Uniform Resource Locator (URL), Digital Object Identifier (DOI), or database name is included.

It is not necessary to include a retrieval date (the date you accessed the information) for electronic journal articles, news articles, reports, theses and proceedings, where the content is not expected to change. Examples of each of these reference types follow.

However, a retrieval date is necessary in references for a source on the open Web that does not have a date or if it is likely that the content of the source may change or be updated in the future. Please see examples under Websites below.

Be sure to include the exact punctuation as shown in the examples. Where a URL or DOI is part of a reference, do not end the reference with a full stop.

The following examples demonstrate the faculty’s application of the APA style for common electronic information sources encountered by Business and Economics students. After familiarising yourself with the contents of this section, if you require further details, or information on citing electronic sources not covered in this section (e.g. electronic journal preprints and Weblogs), consult the APA Style Guide to Electronic References, which revises and updates Section 4.16 of the Publication Manual. Advice on referencing is also available from Learning Skills Advisers in the Library.

Electronic articles – from Monash databases

Important Faculty of Business and Economics exception to the APA style rules

When a journal, news or magazine article is available in PDF format from a database or electronic journal collection that is listed in the Monash University Library database menu, reference it as you would a print article – i.e. consider the PDF article identical to the hard copy (print) version of it. If it has a Digital Object Identifier (DOI), this can optionally be included at the end of the reference (see below).

If an article is available in a Monash database only in HTML format, end the reference with the database name in the format: “Retrieved from [database name] database”. Because HTML articles may have no hard copy version, or differ in format from the hard copy version, the source database name is required in the reference. A common example is electronic versions of newspaper articles. As an example of how to reference an HTML article, see Electronic newspaper article – from a Monash database (below).

These instructions are an exception to the usual practice described in the APA Style Guide to Electronic References.

References to other types of material from Monash databases (e.g. electronic books, encyclopedias and reports) require the inclusion of the database name. Be guided by the following examples.

Electronic journal article – with a Digital Object Identifier (DOI)

  • Publishers are increasingly assigning Digital Object Identifiers to articles. They are usually printed on the first page. When a DOI is provided the following format can be used

Baruch, S., Karolyi, A. G. & Lemmon, M. L. (2007). Multimarket trading and liquidity: Theory and evidence. Journal of Finance, 62(5), 2169-2200.

doi: 10.111 1/j.1540–6261 .2007.01272.x

Electronic journal article – from a free journal on the Web

  • Give the URL of the article after “Retrieved from”
  • The following reference is to an html document, with no page numbers to record

Ciocchetti, C. A. (2001). Monitoring employee e-mail: Efficient workplaces vs employee privacy. Duke Law & Technology Review, 0026. Retrieved from http://www.law.duke.edu/journals/dltr/articles/2001 dltr0026.html
 

Electronic newspaper article (html format) – from a Monash database (e.g. Factiva)

  • Follows the basic format for a print newspaper, followed by “Retrieved from [database name] database”

Creedy, C. (2007, August 21). Business travellers’ fares go skywards. The Australian, p. 24. Retrieved from Factiva database.

Electronic newspaper article – from the Web, open access

  • The following reference is to an html document, so there are often no page numbers to record

Kaneko, M. (2007, October 16). Investment funds focused on ‘womenomics’ gaining attention. The Japan Times Online. Retrieved from http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi­bin/n b20071 01 6a3.html

Reports from Monash databases

A wide range of reports are available via Monash databases including company, industry, market and country reports and profiles. Both PDF and HTML formats are used. When referencing any report or profile include the name of the database from which you obtained it, according to the format in the next four examples. As such reports are updated periodically, include the published date of the version of the report you are using.

Company report – from a Monash database (e.g. DatAnalysis)

  • DatAnalysis reports are generated on demand (via the Full Co.Report button) in html format. The date given is the date the report was printed or downloaded – it appears at the top of the report

Aspect Huntley. (2007, December 18). Full company report: Qantas Airways Limited. Retrieved from DatAnalysis database.

Company profile – from a Monash database (e.g. Business Source Premier)

Datamonitor. (2007, July 27). Air France KLM: Company profile. Retrieved from Business Source Premier database.

Industry report – from a Monash database (e.g. IBISWorld)

  • If a report has an identifying number, as in this case, include it in brackets after the title

IBISWorld. (2007, August 29). Biscuit manufacturing in Australia (C21 63). Retrieved from IBISWorld database.

Country report – from a Monash database (e.g. eiu.com)

Economist Intelligence Unit. (2007, December). Country report: Brazil. Retrieved from eiu.com database.

Electronic book – from a Monash e-book database (e.g. Ebook Library)

  • If a print version exists, reference it as you would the print version
  • If there is only an electronic version of the book use the following format (publisher details are not required, but include the name of the database, preceded by “Available from”)

Lowe, B. (2007). Business-to-business marketing practices in China. Available from Ebook Library database.

Online encyclopedia – Monash database (e.g. Blackwell Reference Online)

  • The following example refers to the entry for the term “contingencies”
  • Include a retrieval date, in case the encyclopedia is updated in the future

Schattke, R. W. (2005). Contigencies. In C.L. Cooper (Ed.), The Blackwell encyclopedia of management. Retrieved October 5, 2007, from Blackwell Reference Online database.
 

Lecture notes, from Blackboard (MUSO)

  • Only minor reference to lecture notes, if at all necessary, should be made in a piece of student writing. Lecturers expect students to provide references that show evidence of their own research
  • The format of the notes is included, in square brackets

Luca, E. (2007). Week 6: Interpersonal communication in context [PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved from MGF1 100/2100, Monash University Studies Online: https://my.monash.edu.au/muso/blackboard/login/

Research report or working paper – on the Web

  • If the report/paper has an identifying number, include it in brackets
  • Include the name of the publishing organisation before the URL

Cockerell, L. & Pennings, S. (2007). Private business investment in Australia (Research Discussion Paper RDP 2007-09). Retrieved from Reserve Bank of Australia: http://www.rba.gov.au/rdp/RDP2007–09.pdf

  • In the case of a university working paper, include the university name, and the name of the publishing entity (e.g. faculty, department, school, research centre) in that order

Bardoel, E.A., De Cieri, H. & Tepe, S. (2006). A framework for developing a work/life strategy in a multinational enterprise (MNE). (Department of Management Working Paper Series 1/06). Retrieved from Monash University, Faculty of Business and Economics: http://www.buseco.monash.edu.au/mgt/research/working-papers/2006/wp1 –06.pdf

Conference paper – on the Web

  • Include the name of the publishing organisation before the URL

Kajewski, M. (2006). Emerging technologies changing our service delivery model.

Click06: ALIA 2006 Biennial Conference. Retrieved from Australian Library and Information Association Web site: http://conferences.alia.org.au/alia2006/Papers/Mary_Ann_Kajewski.pdf

Electronic thesis – on the Web

  • In the location details the state name is not required if part of the university name

Watters, R. (2004). The organisational and global environments relationship:

An investigation of the key factors. (Doctoral dissertation, Victoria University, Melbourne. Retrieved from http://wallaby.vu.edu.au/adt-VVUT/public/adt-VVUT20041 214.155232/

Annual report – from an organisation Website

  • In the following example, as the author is also the publisher, it is not necessary to include the publisher name after “Retrieved from”

Ford Motor Company. (2007). Fast forward: 2006 annual report. Retrieved from http://www.ford.com/doc/2006_AR.pdf

Government report – on the Web

Department of Health and Aging. (2000). National medicines policy. Retrieved from http://www.health.gov.au/internet/wcms/Publishing.nsf/Content/nmp-objectives­policy.htm/$FILE/nmp2000.pdf

Websites General format:

Author/editor surname, Author/editor initial(s). (Year, month day of last update, or copyright year). Title of the page/document. Retrieved Month day, year, from URL

  • If an author/editor cannot be identified, use the name of the organ isation that publishes the site. If an organisation name is lacking too, the title of the document or page takes the place of author/editor details at the beginning of the reference
  • If it is not clear from the author name who the publisher of the site is, include the publisher’s name before the URL (see the Cockerell and Pennings example under Research report or working paper – on the Web)
  • Include a retrieval date in references for a source on the open Web that does not have a date or if it is likely that the content of the source may change or be updated in the future

Business Victoria. (2007, October 8). Starting a business. Retrieved October31, 2007, from http://www.business.vic.gov.au/BUSVIC/LANDING//SEC01.html

  • Where no date is given on the site, type “n.d.” in place of a date

Shell. (n.d.). The energy challenge. Retrieved October31, 2007, from http://www.shell.com/home/content/envirosoc-en/energy_challenge/ the_challenge_000407.html

Data files available on the Web

  • The words “Data file” are included as shown
  • A retrieved date is included as the data is periodically updated

Reserve Bank of Australia. (2007). Domestic banking fee income [Data file]. Retrieved November 15, 2007, from http://www.rba.gov.au/Statistics/Bulletin/index.html

Film, DVD, video

  • In the author position, type the name of the producer or director
  • The location is the country of origin of the work

Achbar, M. & Simpson, B. (Producers). (2003). The corporation [DVD]. Canada: BigPicture Media Corporation.

Radio, TV

  • In the author position, give the name of the producer or director

Smith, R. (Director). (2007, May 24). Crude [Television broadcast]. Sydney: ABC-TV. Podcast

  • In the following example, All in the Mind is the name of the series that featured the debate

Mitchell, N. (Producer). (2007, September 1). The nature of fear debate: 2007 Australian Science Festival. All in the Mind. Podcast retrieved from http://www.abc.net.au/rn/allinthemindstories/2007/2016150.htm

E-mail and other personal communications

  • Personal communications are not included in the reference list as they are inaccessible to the reader, but are cited in the text in the following ways:

R. Smith (personal communication, August 15, 2007)… …(R. Smith personal communication, August 15, 2007)

Sample reference list in APA style Reference List

Bovey, W. H. & Hede, A. (2001). Resistance to organisational change: The role of cognitive

and affective processes. Leadership & Organisation Development Journal, 22(8), 372–382.

Creedy, C. (2005, January 28). Low cost flight paths lead to Asia. The Australian, p. 26. Retrieved from Factiva database.

Creedy, C. (2007, August 21). Business travellers’ fares go skywards. The Australian, p. 24. Retrieved from Factiva database.

Department of Industry Science and Technology. (2004). Australian business innovation: A strategic analysis. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service.

Macauley, P. & Green, R. (2007). Supervising publishing from the doctorate.

In C. Denholm &T. Evans (Eds.), Supervising doctorates downunder: Keys to effective supervision in Australia and New Zealand (pp. 192–199). Camberwell, Vic.: ACER Press.

Mahoney, D. & Trigg, M. (2001). International business: A managerial perspective (2nd ed.). Sydney: Pearson Education.

Milner, L. M. & Fodness, D. (1996). Product gender perceptions: The case of China. International Marketing Review, 13(4), 40-51.

Shell. (n.d.). The energy challenge. Retrieved October31, 2007, from http://www.shell.com/home/content/envirosoc-en/energy_challenge/the_challenge_000407.html

Singapore profit soars despite cost hit. (2007, November 2). The Australian, p. 37.

Smith, A. (2007a). Emerging in between: The multi-level governance of renewable energy in the English regions. Energy Policy, 35(12), 6266–6280. doi: 10.101 6/j.enpol.2007.07.023

Smith, A. (2007b). Translating sustainabilities between green niches and socio-technical regimes. Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, 19(4), 427–450. doi: 10.1080/09537320701403334

Warner, M. (Ed.). (2002). International encyclopedia of business and management (2nd ed.). London: Thomson Learning.

 

10.5 Footnoting

The documentary-note system is a numeric system which may incorporate either footnotes or endnotes. As with all systems of referencing you will need to consult your Unit Outline, tutor or unit co-ordinator to establish which form of numeric system is required.

10.5.1 In-text citations using footnotes

This section of the chapter on referencing covers in-text citations using footnotes:

• When you need to cite a direct quotation or paraphrase the ideas of an author, you should place a numeric marker (a superscript Arabic numeral) at the appropriate point in the body of the text. Numbers are usually placed at the end of a sentence or clause and before all punctuation marks except the full stop at the end of a sentence.

For example:

This approach takes into consideration several significant factors. 3

3R. Stone, Human resource management, John Wiley & Sons, Milton, Qld., 2002, pp. 54-65.

Full details must be given in the footnote at the first mention of any work cited. Subsequent citations should be shortened whenever possible.

For example:

  • 4 Stone, p. 32
  • 5ibid.
  • 6id.
  • The corresponding citation should be placed at the bottom of the page. Latin terms such as “ibid” (ibidem – in the same place); “op cit.” (opera citato – in the work previously cited); “loc cit.” (loco citato – in the place cited) and “id.” (idem – the same) can be used for second and subsequent citations. The year is positioned after the place of publication.
  • In relation to tables and figures, the notes are placed at the base of the table or figure and not at the bottom of the page.
  • A Bibliography is placed at the end of the assignment. According to the Style Manual (2002), the term “bibliography” refers to a list of sources used for the assignment plus any sources the author considers to be of interest to the reader. For academic purposes it may be more appropriate to use the term “Reference List” which means the list of sources an author has cited for a particular assign ment or paper, however you will need to consult with your tutor to establish whether a Bibliography or a Reference List is required.
  • Business Law and Taxation students should consult with their unit coordinators and tutors regarding the specific referencing system required for their discipline. The following publications and websites may also prove helpful (please note: this list is not to be used as an example of APA style):

Fong, C. (1998), Australian Legal Citation – A Guide, Prospect, Sydney.

Melbourne University Law Review Association Inc., (1999), Australian Guide to Legal Citation, LULRA Inc., Melbourne, (see:http://www.law.unimelb.edu.au/mulr/aglc.htm).

Rozenberg, P. (1998), Australian Guide to Uniform Legal Citation, LBC Information Services, Sydney, (a preliminary version of the electronic-materials section is available at: http://www.murdoch.edu.au/elaw/issues/v4n4/rozenb44.html).

Stuhmcke, A. (1998), Legal Referencing, Butterworths, Sydney.

Australian Guide to Legal Citation can be accessed or purchased at: http://mulr.law.unimelb.edu.au/aglc.asp.

The PDF version is 167 pages long, and available at: http://mulr.law.unimelb.edu.au/PDFs/aglc_dl.pdf
 

There are various ways in which to present footnotes, however, some basic rules apply:

  • Numeric markers (starting from 1) are numbered consecutively from the beginning to the end of the assignment
  • Only one number is used at a time even if more than one source is being cited
  • Footnotes are placed at the bottom of the page
  • Each footnote is separated from another by a single line space
  • Each footnote begins with a capital letter
  • Each footnote ends with a full stop


Print sources

One author

This approach takes into consideration several significant factors. 3

3 R. Stone, Human resource management, John Wiley & Sons, Milton, Qld., 2002, pp. 54–65.

Full details must be given in the footnote at the first mention of any work cited. Subsequent citations should be shortened whenever possible.

For example:

  • 4 Stone, p. 32
  • 5ibid.
  • 6id.

Two or three authors

Mahoney and Trigg have examined a number of issues in relation to…6

6D. Mahoney & M. Trigg, International business: a managerial perspective, 2nd edn, Pearson Education, Sydney, 2001.

The initials of the authors are placed first in the footnote.

Two or three authors – journal article

Folger and Starlicki differentiate resentment-based resistance on the premise that perceptions of organisational fairness provide grounds for resistant behaviour.4

4 R. Folger & D.P. Starlicki, “Unfairness and resistance to change: hardship as mistreatment”, Journal of Organisational Change Management, Vol. 12, No. 1, 1999, pp. 35–50.

The year is positioned before the page numbers.

More than three authors

A boundaryless organisation is one “whose design is not defined, or limited to, the horizontal, vertical or external boundaries imposed by a predefined structure”.8

8S.P. Robbins, R. Bergman, I. Stagg & M. Coulter, Management, 3rd edn, Prentice Hall, Sydney, 2003, p. 292.

Any edition after the first edition should be cited. Note that a full stop is not required for this abbreviation.

One author citing another

Despite the prevalence of phased transitional models supporting organisational change many companies undervalue the role of process and people.12

12 K. Lewin in C. Agocs, “Institutionalised resistance to organisational change: denial, inaction and repression”, Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 16, No. 9, 1997, pp.917–931.
 

Chapter in an edited book

Current levels of competition demand that firms consider new ways of organising.19

19 Sanchez-Runde, S. Massini & J. Quintanilla, “People management dualities”, in (eds) A.

M. Pettigrew, R. Whittington, L. Melin, C. Sanchez-Runde, F.A.J. van den Bosch, W. Ruigrok andT. Numagami, Innovative forms of organising, Sage Publications, London, 2003, pp. 198–221.

Two entries are required – the author of the chapter as well as the editors of the book. No full stop required for the abbreviation of “editors”.

Multiple works

Identification of this process has been explored through a number of theories all of which recognise the need for breaking with the past, transitioning through a period of uncertainty and identifying with the new.23

23 H. Bovey &A. Hede, “Resistance to organisational change: the role of defence mechanisms”, Journal of Managerial Psychology, Vol. 16, No. 8, 2001, pp. 534–548; W.H. Bovey & A. Hede, “Resistance to organisational change: the role of cognitive and affective processes”, Leadership & Organisation Development Journal, Vol. 22, No. 8, 2001, pp. 372–382; D.M. Waddell, T.G. Cummings & C.G. Worley, Organisation Development and Change, Pacific Rim 2nd edn., Nelson Thomson Learning, South Melbourne, 2004.

If you want to refer to more than one source, you need only use one numeric marker. The bibliographic informa tion about each source should then be provided in the footnote.

Author unknown but there is a sponsoring organisation

The role of government in developing innovation in the community is increasing in importance.16

16Department of Industry, Science and Technology, Australian business innovation: a strategic analysis, Australian Government Printing Service, Canberra, 2004.

Newspaper article – specified author

Italian magistrates were in the process of unravelling Parmalat’s global units when…21

21 P. Hopkins, “Parmalat cooked the books worldwide: police”, The Age, 7 January, 2004, Business, p. 2.

Newspaper article – unspecified author

The Tax Office has asked 1000 of its staff to undergo controversial aptitude and psychological tests.8

8“Commission rejects plan to test Tax Office staff”, The Age, 7 January, 2004, News p. 3.

Audio-visual material including films, videos, TV and radio programs

Some doubt was cast on the probity of the producers.49

49“What are we going to do about taxation anyway?”, television program, Corporate World Series, SBS Television, Melbourne, 24 May, 2003.

Unpublished works

Hull and Read suggest that in the main, employees want an organisational environment where there is mutual respect.19

19 D. Hull & V. Read, “Simply the best workplaces in Australia”, working paper, ACIRRT, University of Sydney, 2003.

Note that the title of the working paper is not italicised. Nor is the place of publication stated as it is inferred.

Personal communication

There were a number of limitations to the study.81

81 B. Cooper, Monash University, pers. comm., 31 January, 2008. This entry would not appear in the Bibliography.

Conference paper

There appears to be no universally accepted definition of innovation.33

33 S. Warne &A. Simon, “The difficulties of defining, measuring and leading organisational innovation”, in Proceedings of the sixth international research conference on quality, innovation and knowledge management, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 2003, pp. 44–48.

Government publications

Attracting appropriate defence personnel has been an issue in the past, however, staff retention is proving to be an even more difficult task.11

11 Defence personnel to 2005: our future defence force, Department of Defence, Canberra, 2001.

Parliamentary publications

Consideration of this point was made in the early 1 990s.5

5 House of Representatives Standing Committee on Legal & Constitutional Affairs, Half way to equal: report of the inquiry into equal opportunity and equal status for women in Australia, Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, April, 1992.

Thesis

Managers may find it useful to consider resistance as a potential positive to change implementation.4

4 D. Waddell, “Using resistance positively to implement new manufacturing methods in industry”, PhD thesis, Monash University, 1995.

Electronic sources

Journal article from database – PDF version

Zhang and Yu argue that it is essential to understand the factors influencing consumer demand for e-trading services.18

18M.M. Zhang & T.T. Yu, “Analysis of demand for electronic stock trading: a statistical approach”, Journal of Accounting and Finance Research, Vol. 10, No. 4, 2002, pp. 49–59.

Journal article from database – HTML full-text version

Zhang and Yu argue that it is essential to understand the factors influencing consumer demand for e-trading services.7

7 M.M. Zhang & T.T. Yu, “Analysis of demand for electronic stock trading: a statistical approach”, Journal of Accounting and Finance Research, Vol. 10, No. 4, 2002, pp. 49–59. Retrieved from Proquest database.

The on-line version of the article is a text version and requires reference to the database.

Journal article from the internet – no specified author

Some of the negative consequences of poorly handled change management can include valued staff leaving the organisation, delays in important projects and a decline in productivity.27

27“Overview of change management”, BPR Online Learning Centre 2003, http://www.prosci.com/Change_managementOverview.htm, viewed 16 February, 2004.

Article from the internet

Brand asset management enables companies to maximise the long-term value of their brands from two important perspectives.33

33 S. Davis, “Principles of brand asset management”, American Marketing Association, AMA Newsletter, Vol. 1, No. 46, 2001, http://www.marketing power.com, viewed 26 November, 2003.

CD-ROM – conference paper

Empirical research by Luca and Gray suggests that the contribution of knowledge workers to organisational performance is yet to be determined.51

51 E. Luca & J. Gray, “Are Australian knowledge workers prepared to go the ‘extra mile’? OCB in an Australian context”, in Proceedings of the 17th ANZAM Conference 2003, CD-ROM, Edith Cowan University, WA.

Electronic magazine

Loyalty programs are still popular amongst corporate travellers.16

16 “Airline news”, American Express Corporate Travel Newsletter, revised 7 September, 2003, http://www.aexp.be/Topics/TravellersTools, viewed 2 July, 2007.

Online book

Relationship marketing is by no means a new concept.22

22 M. Christopher, A. Payne & D. Ballantyne, Relationship marketing: creating

shareholder value, Monash eBook Collection, http: www.netLibrary.com/ebook, viewed 5 May, 2008.

Online newspaper

Eichenwald suggested that former Enron executives were pressed by prosecutors into providing information implicating others.41

41 Eichenwald, “Ex-Enron figure reported near a plea of Guilty”, New York Times, 8 January, 2004, p. 4, http:www.nytimes.com/2004/01/08business08ENROhtml?hp, viewed 20 September, 2007.

Web page of an organisation

Throughout the early twentieth century, Royal Dutch Shell expanded its operations through acquisitions in Europe, Africa and the Americas.9

9 Shell, revised 2007, http:www.shell.com, viewed 9 November, 2007.

10.5.2 Creating the bibliography

The bibliography at the end of the assignment should include all the works which were used in its preparation, whether you cited them directly or not.

  • Each reference in the bibliography should be listed alphabetically according to the first author’s family name.
  • Some academics prefer a hanging indentation at the beginning of each reference. (Please check your Unit Outline or ask your tutor.) 
     

Bibliography

The Age, “Commission rejects plan to test Tax Office staff”, 7 January, 2004, News p. 3.

Burns, A., Collaborative action research for english language teachers, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1999.

Clegg, S.R., Hardy, C. & Nord, W.R. (eds.), Handbook of Organisation Studies, Sage Publications, London, 1996.

Coghlan, D., “Facilitating learning and change”, Organisation Development Journal, Vol. 20, No. 2, 2002.

Coghlan, D., “Putting ‘research’ back into OD and action research”, Organisation Development Journal, Vol. 20, No. 1, 2002.

Department of Industry, Science and Technology, Australian business innovation: a strategic analysis, Australian Government Printing Service, Canberra, 2004.

Egan, T.M., “Organisation development: an examination of definitions and dependent variables”, Organisation Development Journal, Vol. 20, No. 2, 2002.

Eichenwald, K., “Ex-Enron figure reported near a plea of guilty”, New York Times, 8 January, 2004, p. 4, http:www.nytimes.com/2004/01/08business08ENROhtml?hp, viewed 20 September, 2007.

Hopkins, P., “Parmalat cooked the books worldwide: police”, The Age, 7 January, 2004, Business, p. 2.

Krimmerman, L., “Participatory action research: Should social inquiry be conducted democratically?”, Philosophy of Social Sciences, Vol. 31, No. 1, 2001.

Luthans, F., Organisational Behavior, 9th edn, McGraw-Hill Irwin, Boston, 2002.

Newman, H.L. & Fitzgerald, S.P., “Appreciative inquiry with an executive team: Moving along the action research continuum”, Organisation Development Journal, Vol. 19, No. 9,2001, pp.1–22.

Sanchez-Runde, C., Massini, S. & Quintanilla, J., “People management dualities”, in Innovative forms of organising, (eds.) A.M. Pettigrew, R. Whittington, L. Melin, C. Sanchez-Runde, F.A.J. van den Bosch, W. Ruigrok &T. Numagami, Sage Publications, London, 2003.

Shell, revised 2004, http:www.shell.com, viewed 9 November, 2005.

Waddell, D.M., Cummings, T.G. & Worley, C.G., Organisation Development and Change, Pacific Rim 2nd edn., Nelson Thomson Learning, South Melbourne, 2004.

“What are we going to do about taxation anyway?” (television program), Corporate World Series, SBS Television, Melbourne, 24 May, 2003.

Warne, S. & Simon, A., “The difficulties of defining, measuring and leading organisational innovation”, in Proceedings of the Sixth International Research Conference on Quality, Innovation and Knowledge Management, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, pp. 44–48, 2003.

Zhang, M.M. & Yu, T.T., “Analysis of demand for electronic stock trading: a statistical approach”, Journal of Accounting and Finance Research, Vol. 10, No. 4, pp. 49–59, 2002, viewed 7 January, 2004, available from Proquest.